Myosin remains strong as muscle contracts

Myosin remains strong as muscle contracts A muscle held at fi xed length under a heavy load will contract rapidly if that load is suddenly decreased, reducing the force the muscle exerts as its velocity increases. During this contraction, what happens within the muscle fi ber? According to the prevailing model, all the myosin motors remain attached to actin fi laments, and the elasticity of individual myosins accounts for this force reduction—like a rubber band, they pull less as they contract further. New work by Malcolm Irving (King’s College, London, UK), Vincenzo Lombardi (University of Florence, Italy), and colleagues now shows that, on the contrary, myosins maintain a constant force during shortening. Fewer, not weaker, myosins reduce the overall muscle force during shortening. The authors combined precise mechanical measurements of individual muscle fi bers with real-time x-ray diffraction, allowing them to measure myosin’s force and velocity during contraction while imaging changes in the highly regular myosin array. They showed that only a proportion of myosins remained attached, reducing the total force generated by the fi ber. Those myosins remaining attached to actin continued to exert a steady force even as they changed shape. This previously described shape change is an active process that continuously maintains the motor force. These results are counter to a model proposed 50 years ago by Andrew Huxley, who suggested that the force reduction of a contracting muscle fi ber was due to reduced force from individual myosins. But later in his career, Huxley also suggested that conformational changes in myosin would allow it to generate active force. Irving notes that the new model supports that concept. Reducing the number of active myosins during low-load contraction makes sense, Irving says, since it matches ATP expenditure to muscle output. Since less force is needed, the cell can save on ATP by reducing the number of active myosins. Reference: Piazzesi, G., et al. 2007. Cell. 131:784–795.